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Sir Philip Armand Hamilton Gibbs (1 May 1877 – 10 March 1962) was an English journalist and prolific author of books who served as one of five official British reporters during the First World War. Two of his siblings were also writers, A. Hamilton Gibbs and Cosmo Hamilton, as was his own son, Anthony. Gibbs was a Roman Catholic.〔(Philip Gibbs' religion ), catholicherald.co.uk, 25 June 1982; accessed 11 April 2014.〕 The son of a civil servant, Gibbs was born in Kensington, London, his name then being registered as Philip Amande Thomas.〔''Oxford Dictionary''〕 He received a home education and determined at an early age to develop a career as a writer. His debut article was published in 1894 in the ''Daily Chronicle''; five years later he published the first of many books, ''Founders of the Empire''. He was given the post of literary editor at Alfred Harmsworth's leading (and growing) tabloid format newspaper the ''Daily Mail''. He subsequently worked on other prominent newspapers including the ''Daily Express''. ''The Times'', in 1940 referring to 1909, credited Gibbs for "bursting the bubble with one cable to the London newspaper he was representing". The bubble in question was the September 1939 claim by American explorer Frederick Cook to have reached the North Pole in April 1908. Gibbs didn't trust Cook's "romantic" impressions of his journey into the ice.〔''The Times'', 6 August 1940, p. 7.〕 His first attempt at semi-fiction was published in 1909 as ''The Street of Adventure'', which recounted the story of the official Liberal Party newspaper ''Tribune'', founded in 1906 and failing spectacularly in 1908. The paper was founded at vast expense by Franklin Thomasson, MP for Leicester from 1906-10. A man of decidedly liberal views, Gibbs took an interest in popular movements of the time, including the suffragettes, publishing a book on the British women's suffrage movement in 1910. With tensions growing in Europe in the years immediately preceding 1914, Gibbs repeatedly expressed a belief that war could be avoided between the Entente and Central Powers. In the event, war broke out in August 1914 and Gibbs secured an early journalistic posting to the Western Front. He wrote about the Mines in the Battle of Messines (1917): It was not long before the War Office in London resolved to "manage" popular information about the war, partly by censorship of war reporting. Gibbs was denied permission to remain on the Western Front; he stubbornly refused to return but was duly arrested and sent home. Gibbs was not long out of official favour, however. Along with four other men he was officially accredited as a war correspondent, his work appearing in the ''Daily Telegraph'' and ''Daily Chronicle''. The price he had to pay for accreditation was to submit to effective censorship: all of his work was to be vetted by C. E. Montague, formerly of the ''Manchester Guardian''. He agreed, although unhappy with the arrangement. Gibbs' wartime output was prodigious. He produced a stream of newspaper articles and a series of books: ''The Soul of the War'' (1915), ''The Battle of the Somme'' (1917), ''From Bapaume to Passchendaele'' (1918) and ''The Realities of War'' (1920). In the latter work Gibbs exacted a form of revenge for the frustration he suffered in submitting to wartime censorship; published after the armistice ''The Realities of War'' painted a most unflattering portrait of Sir Douglas Haig, British Commander-in-Chief in France and Flanders, and his General Headquarters. Gibbs also published ''Now It Can Be Told'' (1920), an account of his personal experiences in war-torn Europe. His post-war career continued to be as varied as ever. Embarking shortly after the war upon a lecture tour of the U.S. he also secured the first journalistic interview with a Pope. Working as a freelance journalist, having resigned from the ''Daily Chronicle'' over its support for the Lloyd George government's Irish policy, he published a series of books and articles, including an autobiography, ''Adventures in Journalism'' (1923). Gibb's 1937 book ''Ordeal In England'' was a study of poverty and also an anti-socialist critique of ''English Journey'' by J. B. Priestley and ''The Road to Wigan Pier'' by George Orwell.〔Juliet Gardiner, ''The Thirties :An Intimate History'' London : HarperPress, 2010. ISBN 9780007240760 (p. 384).〕 ''Ordeal In England'' was later republished by the conservative Right Book Club.〔 The outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 brought Gibbs a renewed appointment as a war correspondent, this time for the ''Daily Sketch''. This proved a brief stint however and he spent part of the war employed by the Ministry of Information, the department responsible for publicity and propaganda, which the British government re-established in September 1939. In 1946 he published a second volume of memoirs, ''The Pageant of the Years''. Two further volumes followed in 1949 and 1957, ''Crowded Company'' and ''Life's Adventure''. Gibbs died at Godalming in South East England on 10 March 1962. ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Philip Gibbs」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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